Jamaica and Piracy

Following the explorations of Columbus, the Spanish claimed all of the Americas, with the exception of Portuguese Brazil, but they only occupied the territories around the equator.   This was called the Spanish Main. So, during the Elizabethan era, the English began to colonize the unoccupied areas, both the lands north of Florida and the tiny islands of the eastern Caribbean.  The Spanish considered these settlements to be illegal intrusions, but without the resources to drive them out they basically ignored them.  They were, however, very protective of the areas around the Spanish Main.  When an English company attempted to settle the Providence Island colony off the coast of Central America, Spanish forces attacked it three times before finally eliminating it.

Jamaica

In an attempt to increase England’s presence in the Caribbean, Oliver Cromwell sent a naval force to invade the Spanish islands of Hispaniola and Jamaica, which brought about a wider war with Spain.  This was the first war started in the Americas that shifted to Europe.  Although the European theatre ended in the late 1650s, fighting continued in the Caribbean until the 1670 Treaty of Madrid.  In that agreement, Spain officially ceded Jamaica to England and also recognized all of England’s American holdings.

A valuable and strategic possession, Jamaica contributed to the massive increase in sugar consumption that would irrevocably transform the European diet, and dramatically increased British involvement in the slave trade.  Jamaica soon became Britain’s premier slave colony. Port Royal also became the hub for English piracy.

Henry Morgan

Henry Morgan came to Jamaica as a member of Cromwell’s invading army and by 1665 he had risen to the rank of a ship’s captain. Through his campaigns against the Spanish he gained considerable wealth, which enabled him to purchase land on the island.  His upward mobility continued when he married Mary, the daughter of Jamaica’s Lieutenant Governor (who was also Morgan’s uncle).

In 1667, Governor Modyford elevated Morgan to the rank of admiral and installed him as commander to organize the English privateers.

One of the subsequent campaigns Morgan led was the invasion of the Panamanian city of Portobello, which occurred after the peace treaty had been signed between the British and the Spanish.  After Morgan’s invasion of the city, which included the torture of Spanish colonists in order to gain information regarding the location of treasures that might be plundered, he erroneously asserted that he had gained information that the Spanish were planning to attack Jamaica.  When the Spanish made a formal complaint and accused him of piracy, Morgan defended his standing as a privateer, arguing that due to the irregularities of transatlantic communication he had never been informed of the existence of a treaty. However, in 1670, Morgan and Modyford were detained in England for continually disobeying orders issued, disobedience that required punishment in order to placate Spain.

After the restoration, Morgan’s actions came to the attention of King Charles II, who knighted him in 1673 for his deeds on behalf of the Empire and offered him the Lieutenant Governorship of Jamaica.

Privateers and Pirates

This change in status for Morgan had much to do with the changing interests of England following the restoration of the Stuart line.  England had moved from an agenda of mollifying Spain to one of asserting a continued willingness to engage privateers in defense of the British colonies. Morgan’s Knighthood was a strong signal to Spain that the political tides were turning.  Since England needed to keep the Royal Navy close to Europe, it was up to Morgan and his privateers to both defend and expand English colonization in the New World.  According to the Spanish, however, they were all pirates.

Henry Morgan, pirate, privateer, knight, and Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica had become the archetype, representing the desire for wealth and social mobility that drove many men into piracy during the time of the Stuart kings and queens.  Quickly, Jamaica became known as the place where those from humble beginnings were able to satisfy self-interest through the perception of public service to achieve social advancement.

The Real Story of the Pirate Anne Bonny

Numerous versions of the story of the pirate Anne Bonny have been told over the past three centuries, but few have considered them from an actual historical perspective.  Most of the stories simply play up to the sensational and titillating aspects of a woman serving aboard an eighteenth century pirate ship, and take what has been generally accepted at face value.  By digging deeper, I’ve discovered that what is generally accepted could not have been what actually happened. 

Source of the Stories

The origin of these stories comes from the source document, A General History of the Pyrates by Captain Charles Johnson, 1724.  When reading this document, one immediately notices that the part about Anne Bonny seem to have been just stuck in at the end of the chapter about Jack Rackham.  The only portion of the tale of Anne Bonny that Johnson did apply a chronology to was the time that they were with Captain Calico Jack Rackham aboard his pirate ship.  But this only lasted for a period of two months, from August 22nd, 1720, when they commandeered a ship in New Providence, to October 23rd,1720, when they were captured.  The dates and activities during these two months are well documented in Johnson’s chapter 7, about Captain Rackham and his crew, but the remaining parts about Anne Bonny don’t seem to follow any chronology and are really just a series of anecdotal tales that the author admits that he picked up from the witnesses at her trial.  These reports were, essentially, nothing more than gossip which had most likely been heavily embellished as they were passed around before Johnson even heard the versions of them that he wrote about.

Historical Chronology

When one researches and cross references other source material it becomes clear that what has been generally accepted as fact about Anne Bonny makes no sense. By combining these sources, it was possible to come up with an actual chronology of her life, which shows that she was only in the company of pirates for a very brief period.  It turns out that much of what has been told about Anne was, in reality, the actual activity of another pirate woman by the name of Mary Read. However, considering Mary was an androgynous looking, cross-dressing 30 year old, whereas Anne was a buxom 18 year old, the titillation factor clearly favored Anne as the protagonist in the stories that were told, and was probably the reason why we hear so little about Mary Read, who was the actual woman pirate.

The Real Story

So while the generally accepted story-line about Anne Bonny is a wonderful tale, it simply doesn’t make any sense.  It is impossible for so much to have happened to her in a time span of only two months, from August to October, 1720.  Plus, the most glaring fact is that Anne Bonny could not have been the fierce swashbuckler that she has been portrayed as.  She arrived in Nassau as a girl of 17 whose life until she eloped and ran away had been one of privilege on a plantation in the American Colonies.  When Anne met Calico Jack he had given up piracy, having accepted amnesty, and was living ashore in Nassau.  It is unlikely, in the short time that they were together, that she could have learned fighting skills, let alone become pregnant, have a child, and then resume a full pirate career.  Rather, she was an eighteen year old who was initially caught up in the adventure and romance of it all until she experienced the horrors of being captured and thrown in jail.  After learning that Jack Rackham and the rest of the crew had been hanged, she would probably have been glad to return with her father to plantation life in Carolina Colony.

Click here for the novel telling the real story of the pirate Anne Bonny.

It Wasn’t About Tea, It Was About Rum

It has been over a year since I moved back to the United States, but it has taken this long to adjust to being back here. Now that I am settled in, however, my focus as an author going forward is continuing to write about the pirates (The Pirate Project) who operated out of the Bahamas almost 300 years ago.   Fascinating details emerged from my research over the past five years which puts several of the pirates in a new light.  For instance, some of them were organizing a Jacobite fleet to join with other supporters of the Stuart line to attack England in an attempt overthrow King George.   This was probably the real reason behind Blackbeard (Edward Thatch) being considered such a threat and so quickly targeted and eliminated by naval forces. Others were what we could nowadays consider to be entrepreneurs; educated, middle class men who sought to improve their social standing through the accumulation of wealth. Some of them, like Christopher Condent, actually managed to pull it off.

It is also clear that it wasn’t the tea tax that ticked off the American colonists. It was the attempted British tax on rum. So much so that the pirates of the Bahamas were hired to smuggle it in.  Then, when rum manufacturing began in the American colonies, these same pirates ran molasses, the raw ingredient in rum, from French Martinique.  This was a dangerous occupation because Britain and France were at war, meaning that the American colonists were trading with the enemy.  If either the British or the French navy intercepted these ships, all aboard would be immediately hanged.  And on top of that they also had the Spanish navy to deal with.  In spite of these hazards, however, the molasses continued to flow and rum ended up becoming a critical part of the colonial economy.

5
Jan, 2020

The Pirate Project

Stories about pirates are well integrated into our collective culture. We have been both fascinated and entertained by them ever since the first publication of the book, A General History of The Pyrates, by Captain Charles Johnson came out in 1724. But during the almost 300 years since then these stories have been embellished and re-woven into, in many cases, conflicting and often outlandish tales about who these pirates were and what they did. This has resulted in conventional wisdom regarding well known names, such as Blackbeard and Anne Bonny, being so off the mark as to strain credibility. Curious about the actual lives, and more importantly to me, the motivations of these colorful characters, in 2012 I began an extensive research project into the actual history of the pirates. While the research is still ongoing, I’m sharing what I have learned through a series of books which I am calling The Pirate Project.

The pirate project is all about the English pirates in the Caribbean and North America. My research has uncovered the circumstances that created piracy in the first place, the reasons that motivated people to become pirates, and the importance of piracy to the developing American colonies leading up to the American revolution. The project is broken down into three parts.

Part 1: The Pirates You Thought You Knew

This section examines the actual lives of the well known golden age pirates of the Caribbean and is based on historical research rather than conventional wisdom. These are being presented as a series of novels, Real Pirate Stories, which separate fact from three centuries of embellishment of stories, many of which were not quite accurate in the first place. I have taken license to infer the motivations of these colorful characters from the facts of their lives, and the story lines I’ve created both fit and explain those facts. As a result, these novels can then be considered to be the ‘real’ stories of each of the pirates. While these stories may differ significantly from what may be currently ‘known’ about them, they are equally fascinating and more likely to be closer to the actual truth.

Part 2: Bahamas Pirates

Following the golden age of piracy in the early 1720s, pirates became vital to the developing American colonies as the Hanoverian Kings George attempted to clamp down on the freewheeling attitudes and activities that had been permitted by the Stuart Kings and Queens. Competitively priced goods plundered from Spanish merchants were sold in American port cities, and fast ships smuggled in rum and molasses from French Martinique, even while Britain and France were at war. Bahamas pirates explores the dependency of the colonies up to and through the American revolution and is revealed in a series of books seen through the eyes of the fictitious protagonists Jack Read, son of Mary Read and Jack Rackham, and Mary Burleigh, daughter of Anne Bonny.

Part 3: The Politics of Piracy

Piracy in the New World was supported by English monarchs from Elizabeth 1st to Queen Anne because it furthered national interests. Privateers, directly commissioned by the crown, enabled England to both harass the dominant European powers at the time while at the same time bringing in considerable wealth. Even during those times where there was no declared war, English pirates continued to attack Spanish shipping and traded the goods in colonial ports while officials turned a blind eye to the obvious contraband.

There was tremendous controversy in England when George 1st ascended to the throne following the death of Queen Anne. A group called the Jacobites felt that James Stuart was the rightful king, and they had strong support in the colonies because King George had officially declared the pirates to be outlaws. Archibald Hamilton, the governor of Jamaica, attempted to raise a navy of pirate ships, which was to be based out of Bermuda, to attack Britain in support in the Jacobite cause.

While the pirates generally supported the return of the Stuart line, only a few of them were actually politically inclined. In most cases, their motivation was to preserve the lifestyle that was now being suppressed by the Royal Navy.

A Brief History of Rum in Colonial America

RUM

In 1493 the Spanish introduced sugar cane into the West Indies and enslaved the native populations to work their sugar plantations.  Sugar was produced by crushing the cane, boiling the resulting juices, and then leaving the syrup in clay pots to cure.  A viscous liquid, molasses, was then poured off leaving the pure sugar behind and for every two pounds of sugar produced a pound of molasses was also created.  This industrial waste was fed to slaves and livestock but, with no other practical use for it, most of the molasses was dumped into the ocean.  It was probably the slaves who first realized that if molasses was mixed with the liquid skimmed off the cane juice during boiling and fermented, it produced an intoxicating beverage.  Colonists soon realized that this mixture was an excellent starting point for distillation and by 1650 British planters in Barbados and the French in Martinique began creating a drink called rum in pot stills.  Rum rapidly became the alcoholic beverage of choice in England and colonial America and soon many of the sugar growing islands in the Caribbean were also distilling rum.

TAXATION

In 1733 the British parliament, in an attempt to regulate commerce and collect duties by forcing trade through the ports of Kingston and Nassau, passed the molasses act which imposed a high tax on molasses or rum coming from any non-British island and also made it illegal for the colonies to trade alcoholic beverages directly between one another. The molasses act was not enforced initially and by 1742 England was at war with both France and Spain so there was no worry about the colonies trading with other nations.

When the hostilities with Spain and France ended, however, Britain began to look for additional sources of revenue from the colonies to help pay for the war costs.  Although it provoked much anger amongst the American colonists, enforcement of the molasses act began in 1750.

HOW THE FORMER PIRATES HELPED THE COLONISTS

The end of the war had also brought dire economic consequences for the pirates who had become privateers but had been released from government employment. The more entrepreneurial amongst them, the ones who had fast ships capable of outrunning the British revenue cutters, elected to help the American colonists avoid what they felt were unjustified taxes by smuggling for them.

With the help of the former pirates, American goods were then traded with the ever obliging merchants on Harbour Island, Bahamas, or went directly to Martinique where the rum was cheap.

NEXT BOOK IN THE SERIES

In Rum & Wrecks, which I am currently writing, we find the protagonists from Pirates of the Bahamas becoming rum smugglers, after a harrowing experience with the Spanish regarding salvaging a ship makes Jack realize that smuggling might be safer than wrecking.

Wrecking in the Bahamas in the Eighteenth Century

With so many reefs and shallow waters surrounding the passageways through the Bahamas, many merchant ships were lost there as trade became established between Europe, the West Indies and the American Colonies.  Sailors who encountered a shipwreck would salvage the contents in an activity known as wrecking.  From the time that the Bahamas was first settled in 1648 wrecking was an important activity, growing so much that by 1660 when New Providence was settled many captains had dedicated their vessels to it.  Rather than a passive, opportunistic activity, however, these seamen pursued wrecking aggressively, regarding all salvage as their property, and they were rumored to kill people who inconveniently survived the shipwrecks. They drove Spanish sailors away from Spanish wrecks, and even took goods that the Spanish had already salvaged. Understandably, the Spanish considered these Bahamian wreckers to be pirates, and retaliated by attacking the wreckers’ ships.  The Spanish also made repeated attacks on New Providence to retrieve salvaged property and burned the capital, Charles Town, in 1684.  Charles Town was rebuilt and named Nassau in 1695.

After piracy was eliminated from the Bahamas in the early 1720s the Bahamian government established controls over the wreckers, requiring them to carry salvaged goods to Nassau, where they were auctioned. They also required wreckers to have a government license to do so. However, goods which would be useful on a ship or in a wrecker’s home were often diverted with the government officials turning a blind eye to it.  The wreckers usually received 40% to 60% of the value of the salvaged goods, and many former pirates turned to wrecking as a legal, and very profitable, profession.

Wrecking continued to be a mainstay of the Bahamian economy through most of the 19th century until improved navigation and the building of lighthouses saw the number of wrecks diminish.  In its heyday there were 302 ships and 2,679 men (out of a total population of 27,000) licensed as wreckers in the Bahamas.   Salvaged cargo brought into Nassau in 1856 was valued at £96,304, more than half of all imports to the Bahamas, and more than two-thirds of the exports from the Bahamas were salvaged goods.

Wrecking is featured prominently in the novel I am currently working on, Rum & Wrecks, which will be the second book in the Pirates of the Bahamas series now that I am finished writing the prequel, Love, Lust & Passion, and it has been published.

Pirate Rum Drinks in the 18th Century

My research into pirates and people in colonial times in general has shown, not surprisingly, that as a whole they consumed a lot of alcohol, considering it to be a healthy alternative to water.  While we associate pirates with drinking rum straight, they actually enjoyed it in a variety of mixed drinks.  Here are a few of the more interesting ones I’ve come across:

RATTLE-SKULL

Why bother with separate mugs for beer and rum when you can just mix it up together?  Rattle-Skull did just that.  Half a cup of rum was blended with a pint of porter and the juice of half a lime, then served with shaved nutmeg on top.  My research described it as “a dangerously smooth and stultifying concoction.”

FLIP

Flip was a blend of ale, rum, molasses and eggs.  The eggs and molasses were beaten together in a ceramic jug, then rum was blended in, then the jug was topped off with ale and all the ingredients mixed together.  Before serving, a hot poker was inserted into the jug and after it frothed up it was poured into mugs and served.

BUMBO

Bumbo was a mixture of rum, water, sugar and nutmeg which was enjoyed by sailors in the West Indies in the early 1700s, and it eventually became a very popular drink throughout the English Colonies too.

coconut005 I suspect that coconut water was likely used in the Caribbean, and I can personally vouch for this one as an excellent drink when made that way.

Bumbo even played a role in the course of American history.  Political campaigning in colonial times included providing generous amount of drink, presumably in exchange for votes.  George Washington’s papers state that he used “160 gallons of rum to treat 391 voters to bumbo” during his campaign for the Virginia House in 1758.  He won.

 

 

Triangular Trade made Piracy Golden

When European demand for the products from the Spanish Main and the Caribbean Islands soared in the 17th and 18th centuries, a very profitable system was set up to transport these goods back to England, Spain, France and The Netherlands.  The so called Triangular Trade took manufactured products such as cloth, iron and beer to Africa to be exchanged for slaves, which were then takes across the Atlantic and sold at tremendous profit.  The ships then loaded up with sugar, molasses and rum and headed back to Europe in a triangular circuit that took about a year to complete.

By the beginning of the 18th century all of this wealth, the slave ships coming in from Africa and the goods laden ships leaving for Europe, had become irresistible targets for looters and pirates.  The golden age of piracy was born, not due to grand efforts on the part of the pirates themselves, but because of the abundance of spoils and the ease of taking them.

Here’s some more reading material: http://piratesoflore.com/triangular-trade.html